Saturday, March 21, 2020
The Person-Centered Approach
The Person-Centered Approach Free Online Research Papers Over the past 50 years, counselors have begun to accept different approaches to the therapeutic process then those used previously. It was because of the initial thoughts put forth by a man named Carl Rogers, and his belief that there is more to the therapy process then the authoritarian approach that was being used at the time. Over the course of 4 phases in Rogerââ¬â¢s development came about the concept of the Person-Centered approach. Adopted by counselors in the 60ââ¬â¢s and 70ââ¬â¢s as a part of the ââ¬Å"Third Forceâ⬠, along with existential and gestalt therapy, as an alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches (Corey, 2005). Person-Centered Therapy was never presented as a completed work, rather one of which Rogers hoped other would merely use as principles willing to be evolved. These principles were looked at by Rogers as required to gain a good therapist ââ¬â client relationship which was a prime determinant of the outcome of the therapeutic process. These principles best outlined by Rogerââ¬â¢s (1956) as, Two personââ¬â¢s in psychological contact. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable, or anxious. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. The therapist experience unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathetic understanding of the clientââ¬â¢s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The future has brought about much need for the evolution of this theory, but this paper is meant to focus on these principles set forth by Rogers. Overtime the clients and problems may have changed, but by keeping these principles in mind, the approach is still the same. It was with a humanistic philosophy that Rogers created the person ââ¬â centered approach, and with his principles rooted deeply in humanistic values, it is necessary to have a good understanding of how they came to be. The humanistic philosophy is similar yet much different from that of existentialism, of which takes the position that we are faced with the anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning (Corey, 2005). The humanistic philosophy takes a somewhat less anxiety evoking position that each of us has a natural potential that we can actualize and through which we can find meaning (Corey, 2005). It was within this concept that Rogers developed his theory over the years. At the time there was only an authoritarian approach to counseling, of which Rogerââ¬â¢s disagreed with, which started his theory of a non directive climate in the 1940ââ¬â¢s. It was within this approach that Rogerââ¬â¢s looked to stop the amount of input a therapist contributed to the counseling process; instead therapists concentrated on the clients verbal and non verbal communications. This approach over time evolved into a form of therapy referred to as client ââ¬â centered. With this form Rogerââ¬â¢s led away from the focus on the non directive approach and started focusing primarily on the client. With the client in mind, the next period of evolution that Rogerââ¬â¢s encountered is where he defined his principles of which he wrote about in his paper, ââ¬Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.â⬠It is in this paper that Rogerââ¬â¢s presented his theory of psychotherapy as a set of therapist ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠(Prouty, 1994). It is with these ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠that Rogerââ¬â¢s defined the aim of the therapeutic process, ââ¬Å"the aim of therapy is not merely to solve problems, rather; it is to assist clients in their growth process, so that the y can better cope with the problems they are now facing and with future problems.â⬠(Corey, 2005). It was in the principles of; congruence, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathetic understanding, that we find a way to promote a growth producing climate. Congruence Congruence or genuineness, involves letting the other person know ââ¬Å"where you areâ⬠emotionally (Rogers, 1980). This can be either positive or negative, and the therapist must express their feelings to be as genuine as possible. The reason that the therapist must express all feelings toward their client is to avoid the temptations to present a faà §ade or hide behind a mask of professionalism or to assume a confessional professional attitude (Germain, 1993). The reason that it is so important for the therapist to become congruent with their client is to create a trusting relationship of which the client can let the therapist into their lives. Rogers gradually came to look at the therapistââ¬â¢s congruence as a crucial factor in establishing trust, and came to emphasize the idea of acceptance and empathy only being effective when they are perceived as genuine (Germain, 1993). In the views of Rogers it is essential to be living together in a climate of realness (Rog ers, 1980). This realness can only be assumed when the therapist can be completely open with their client as to how they feel about their presenting problem as well as the clientââ¬â¢s way of life as a whole. This action of being completely open does not always have to be viewed in a good light by the client, but as long as the client knows that the therapist is being completely open with them, then the process can continue. This way of being is described here by Rogers in 1961, ââ¬Å"The term ââ¬Ëcongruentââ¬â¢ is one I have used to describe the way I would like to be. By this I mean that whatever I am feeling or attitude I am experiencing would be matched by my awareness of that attitude.â⬠It is within this self awareness that makes acceptance possible because there can be no openness to the clients experience if there is no openness to oneââ¬â¢s own experience (Germain, 1993). Unconditional Positive Regard Once congruence between the therapist and the client is achieved, it is time to move on to the next principle that Rogers distinguished. Unconditional positive regard is exactly that, no matter what the client is feeling, the therapist must show a positive approval of how they are feeling. This is due to the true importance of unconditional positive regard and its power to build up or restore the clientââ¬â¢s unconditional positive self regard (Iberg, 1996). It is Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that most of the clients that a therapist will see, have merely been looked over and never really made feel like they are accepted or cared for. It is within this principal that Rogers attempts to show an acceptance and unconditional caring for the client as ââ¬Å"who they areâ⬠rather then who they are expected to be or as Rogers states it as ââ¬Å"a caring for the client, but not in a possessive way or in such a way as simply to satisfy the therapists own needsâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). The therapist must make the client feel that they are able to convey their thoughts without fear of rejection or loss of acceptance by the therapist. It is the therapist job to make sure that their basis for caring for their client is not because of their need to be accepted themselves. This might hinder the experience that the client needs to go through as much as if the therapist had no respect or a dislike of their client. That is why congruence needs to be developed before the therapeutic process can begin, without a genuine approach to caring for the client the whole process will not be successful. Accurate Empathetic Understanding After the first two steps of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory have been completed then the therapist can continue on to an accurate empathetic understanding. This principle is based off the idea of empathy as Rogers defines ââ¬Å"to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠qualityâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). That is the key to being an empathetic therapist, to never lose the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠mentality, to sense the clients feelings without ever getting caught up in them as if they were your own. The Merriam Webster Dictionary states that Empathy ââ¬Å"is the action of understanding, being aware of, or being sensitive to.â⬠This is exactly what Rogers meant by putting it into the principles of what a good therapist needs to do during therapy, to be able to understand and accurately be aware of the problems that the client is conveying. This is indicated in research done by Fieldler in which items such as the following pla ced high in the description of a relationship created by an experienced therapist. The therapist is well able to understand the patientââ¬â¢s feelings; the therapist is never in any doubt about what the patient means; the therapistââ¬â¢s remarks fit in just right with the patients mood and content; the therapists tone of voice conveys the complete ability to share the patients feelings. (Rogers, 1992) With all of these principals working together to create a valuable client-therapist relationship, an accurate empathetic understanding is one of the most important. The client must first be able to trust the therapist, and then feel that the therapist actually cares about what is being said, but without an accurate understanding of what is being said then the client would not feel as though the therapist is actually listening. Summary It was my intent with this paper to explain the principals of the person centered approach created by Carl Rogers. The reason that I feel that this approach is meaningful is that I have always felt that anyone has the ability to figure out their own problems. In life it is easy for people to get knocked off their horse, in a matter of speaking, but it is how we get back on that horse and continue to live is how living life is possible. Sometimes I feel as though it is hard to get up off the ground by yourself but the ability is still inside of you. That is why when I first heard about the person-centered approach, I was so intrigued by the elements that made up this theory. These principles that Rogers has developed, help to create an environment at which clients are able to hash out their problems in a self directed way. The therapist is merely a listener, there to make the client feel that what they are feeling is ordinary. Even though they may long for an authoritarian â⠬Å"answerâ⬠, the therapist does not give one yet just responds with points that the client has already made. Even though Rogers created this theory in a different time and age, when, if presented with some of the problems that therapist face today, it may have been harder to meet the criteria for his principles. I still feel as though these principals can be effective in any therapeutic situation. Today many person-centered therapists are focused on the family, however it has been found to be effective in many areas of therapy. I personally can see it being very effective in cases of depression, where a client is so low in positive self regard that they need to feel that someone else can actually care for them enough to listen. In research done by Greenberg and Watson (1998), of which compared client centered therapy and an experimental treatment using the principals of client centered therapy and its effect on depression, found that both had an effect on the therapyââ¬â¢s outcome. It was the experimental conditional along with the principals based of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that ha d superior effects on the overall levels of self esteem and reduction of interpersonal problems. This research shows that although alone, these principals may not always be the exact answer, paired with other ideas it can have an impact on the clientââ¬â¢s life. This paper is to show that these principals are in fact pillars or fundamentals of any and all problems that may be presented to a therapist. These are just attitudes that if followed correctly can bring about an atmosphere for change in a clients life. As Rogers states it, ââ¬Å"people are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapists part, and that they are capable of self directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationshipâ⬠(Corey, 2005). Corey, Gerald. (2005) Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy. Thomson Books; Belmont, CA. Greenberg L., Watson J, (1998) Experiential Therapy of Depression: Differential Effects of Client-Centered Relationship Conditions and Process Experiential Interventions. The Journal for Psychotherapy Research. Vol. 8, Number 2, pp. 210- 224 Iberg, J.R. (1996) Finding the bodyââ¬â¢s next step: Ingredients and hindrances. The Journal for focusing and experiential therapy, vol 15, 13-42. Lietaer, Germain (1993), Beyond Carl Rogers, Constable, London Prouty, Gary, (1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/ experiential therapy. Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychosis. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT Rogers, Carl (1980) A way of being. Rogers, Carl (1992) The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Dec 1992, vol. 60, No. 6 pp. 827-832. Research Papers on The Person-Centered ApproachThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use
The Person-Centered Approach
The Person-Centered Approach Free Online Research Papers Over the past 50 years, counselors have begun to accept different approaches to the therapeutic process then those used previously. It was because of the initial thoughts put forth by a man named Carl Rogers, and his belief that there is more to the therapy process then the authoritarian approach that was being used at the time. Over the course of 4 phases in Rogerââ¬â¢s development came about the concept of the Person-Centered approach. Adopted by counselors in the 60ââ¬â¢s and 70ââ¬â¢s as a part of the ââ¬Å"Third Forceâ⬠, along with existential and gestalt therapy, as an alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches (Corey, 2005). Person-Centered Therapy was never presented as a completed work, rather one of which Rogers hoped other would merely use as principles willing to be evolved. These principles were looked at by Rogers as required to gain a good therapist ââ¬â client relationship which was a prime determinant of the outcome of the therapeutic process. These principles best outlined by Rogerââ¬â¢s (1956) as, Two personââ¬â¢s in psychological contact. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable, or anxious. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. The therapist experience unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathetic understanding of the clientââ¬â¢s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The future has brought about much need for the evolution of this theory, but this paper is meant to focus on these principles set forth by Rogers. Overtime the clients and problems may have changed, but by keeping these principles in mind, the approach is still the same. It was with a humanistic philosophy that Rogers created the person ââ¬â centered approach, and with his principles rooted deeply in humanistic values, it is necessary to have a good understanding of how they came to be. The humanistic philosophy is similar yet much different from that of existentialism, of which takes the position that we are faced with the anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning (Corey, 2005). The humanistic philosophy takes a somewhat less anxiety evoking position that each of us has a natural potential that we can actualize and through which we can find meaning (Corey, 2005). It was within this concept that Rogers developed his theory over the years. At the time there was only an authoritarian approach to counseling, of which Rogerââ¬â¢s disagreed with, which started his theory of a non directive climate in the 1940ââ¬â¢s. It was within this approach that Rogerââ¬â¢s looked to stop the amount of input a therapist contributed to the counseling process; instead therapists concentrated on the clients verbal and non verbal communications. This approach over time evolved into a form of therapy referred to as client ââ¬â centered. With this form Rogerââ¬â¢s led away from the focus on the non directive approach and started focusing primarily on the client. With the client in mind, the next period of evolution that Rogerââ¬â¢s encountered is where he defined his principles of which he wrote about in his paper, ââ¬Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.â⬠It is in this paper that Rogerââ¬â¢s presented his theory of psychotherapy as a set of therapist ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠(Prouty, 1994). It is with these ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠that Rogerââ¬â¢s defined the aim of the therapeutic process, ââ¬Å"the aim of therapy is not merely to solve problems, rather; it is to assist clients in their growth process, so that the y can better cope with the problems they are now facing and with future problems.â⬠(Corey, 2005). It was in the principles of; congruence, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathetic understanding, that we find a way to promote a growth producing climate. Congruence Congruence or genuineness, involves letting the other person know ââ¬Å"where you areâ⬠emotionally (Rogers, 1980). This can be either positive or negative, and the therapist must express their feelings to be as genuine as possible. The reason that the therapist must express all feelings toward their client is to avoid the temptations to present a faà §ade or hide behind a mask of professionalism or to assume a confessional professional attitude (Germain, 1993). The reason that it is so important for the therapist to become congruent with their client is to create a trusting relationship of which the client can let the therapist into their lives. Rogers gradually came to look at the therapistââ¬â¢s congruence as a crucial factor in establishing trust, and came to emphasize the idea of acceptance and empathy only being effective when they are perceived as genuine (Germain, 1993). In the views of Rogers it is essential to be living together in a climate of realness (Rog ers, 1980). This realness can only be assumed when the therapist can be completely open with their client as to how they feel about their presenting problem as well as the clientââ¬â¢s way of life as a whole. This action of being completely open does not always have to be viewed in a good light by the client, but as long as the client knows that the therapist is being completely open with them, then the process can continue. This way of being is described here by Rogers in 1961, ââ¬Å"The term ââ¬Ëcongruentââ¬â¢ is one I have used to describe the way I would like to be. By this I mean that whatever I am feeling or attitude I am experiencing would be matched by my awareness of that attitude.â⬠It is within this self awareness that makes acceptance possible because there can be no openness to the clients experience if there is no openness to oneââ¬â¢s own experience (Germain, 1993). Unconditional Positive Regard Once congruence between the therapist and the client is achieved, it is time to move on to the next principle that Rogers distinguished. Unconditional positive regard is exactly that, no matter what the client is feeling, the therapist must show a positive approval of how they are feeling. This is due to the true importance of unconditional positive regard and its power to build up or restore the clientââ¬â¢s unconditional positive self regard (Iberg, 1996). It is Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that most of the clients that a therapist will see, have merely been looked over and never really made feel like they are accepted or cared for. It is within this principal that Rogers attempts to show an acceptance and unconditional caring for the client as ââ¬Å"who they areâ⬠rather then who they are expected to be or as Rogers states it as ââ¬Å"a caring for the client, but not in a possessive way or in such a way as simply to satisfy the therapists own needsâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). The therapist must make the client feel that they are able to convey their thoughts without fear of rejection or loss of acceptance by the therapist. It is the therapist job to make sure that their basis for caring for their client is not because of their need to be accepted themselves. This might hinder the experience that the client needs to go through as much as if the therapist had no respect or a dislike of their client. That is why congruence needs to be developed before the therapeutic process can begin, without a genuine approach to caring for the client the whole process will not be successful. Accurate Empathetic Understanding After the first two steps of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory have been completed then the therapist can continue on to an accurate empathetic understanding. This principle is based off the idea of empathy as Rogers defines ââ¬Å"to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠qualityâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). That is the key to being an empathetic therapist, to never lose the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠mentality, to sense the clients feelings without ever getting caught up in them as if they were your own. The Merriam Webster Dictionary states that Empathy ââ¬Å"is the action of understanding, being aware of, or being sensitive to.â⬠This is exactly what Rogers meant by putting it into the principles of what a good therapist needs to do during therapy, to be able to understand and accurately be aware of the problems that the client is conveying. This is indicated in research done by Fieldler in which items such as the following pla ced high in the description of a relationship created by an experienced therapist. The therapist is well able to understand the patientââ¬â¢s feelings; the therapist is never in any doubt about what the patient means; the therapistââ¬â¢s remarks fit in just right with the patients mood and content; the therapists tone of voice conveys the complete ability to share the patients feelings. (Rogers, 1992) With all of these principals working together to create a valuable client-therapist relationship, an accurate empathetic understanding is one of the most important. The client must first be able to trust the therapist, and then feel that the therapist actually cares about what is being said, but without an accurate understanding of what is being said then the client would not feel as though the therapist is actually listening. Summary It was my intent with this paper to explain the principals of the person centered approach created by Carl Rogers. The reason that I feel that this approach is meaningful is that I have always felt that anyone has the ability to figure out their own problems. In life it is easy for people to get knocked off their horse, in a matter of speaking, but it is how we get back on that horse and continue to live is how living life is possible. Sometimes I feel as though it is hard to get up off the ground by yourself but the ability is still inside of you. That is why when I first heard about the person-centered approach, I was so intrigued by the elements that made up this theory. These principles that Rogers has developed, help to create an environment at which clients are able to hash out their problems in a self directed way. The therapist is merely a listener, there to make the client feel that what they are feeling is ordinary. Even though they may long for an authoritarian â⠬Å"answerâ⬠, the therapist does not give one yet just responds with points that the client has already made. Even though Rogers created this theory in a different time and age, when, if presented with some of the problems that therapist face today, it may have been harder to meet the criteria for his principles. I still feel as though these principals can be effective in any therapeutic situation. Today many person-centered therapists are focused on the family, however it has been found to be effective in many areas of therapy. I personally can see it being very effective in cases of depression, where a client is so low in positive self regard that they need to feel that someone else can actually care for them enough to listen. In research done by Greenberg and Watson (1998), of which compared client centered therapy and an experimental treatment using the principals of client centered therapy and its effect on depression, found that both had an effect on the therapyââ¬â¢s outcome. It was the experimental conditional along with the principals based of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that ha d superior effects on the overall levels of self esteem and reduction of interpersonal problems. This research shows that although alone, these principals may not always be the exact answer, paired with other ideas it can have an impact on the clientââ¬â¢s life. This paper is to show that these principals are in fact pillars or fundamentals of any and all problems that may be presented to a therapist. These are just attitudes that if followed correctly can bring about an atmosphere for change in a clients life. As Rogers states it, ââ¬Å"people are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapists part, and that they are capable of self directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationshipâ⬠(Corey, 2005). Corey, Gerald. (2005) Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy. Thomson Books; Belmont, CA. Greenberg L., Watson J, (1998) Experiential Therapy of Depression: Differential Effects of Client-Centered Relationship Conditions and Process Experiential Interventions. The Journal for Psychotherapy Research. Vol. 8, Number 2, pp. 210- 224 Iberg, J.R. (1996) Finding the bodyââ¬â¢s next step: Ingredients and hindrances. The Journal for focusing and experiential therapy, vol 15, 13-42. Lietaer, Germain (1993), Beyond Carl Rogers, Constable, London Prouty, Gary, (1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/ experiential therapy. Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychosis. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT Rogers, Carl (1980) A way of being. Rogers, Carl (1992) The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Dec 1992, vol. 60, No. 6 pp. 827-832. Research Papers on The Person-Centered ApproachThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use
The Person-Centered Approach
The Person-Centered Approach Free Online Research Papers Over the past 50 years, counselors have begun to accept different approaches to the therapeutic process then those used previously. It was because of the initial thoughts put forth by a man named Carl Rogers, and his belief that there is more to the therapy process then the authoritarian approach that was being used at the time. Over the course of 4 phases in Rogerââ¬â¢s development came about the concept of the Person-Centered approach. Adopted by counselors in the 60ââ¬â¢s and 70ââ¬â¢s as a part of the ââ¬Å"Third Forceâ⬠, along with existential and gestalt therapy, as an alternative to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches (Corey, 2005). Person-Centered Therapy was never presented as a completed work, rather one of which Rogers hoped other would merely use as principles willing to be evolved. These principles were looked at by Rogers as required to gain a good therapist ââ¬â client relationship which was a prime determinant of the outcome of the therapeutic process. These principles best outlined by Rogerââ¬â¢s (1956) as, Two personââ¬â¢s in psychological contact. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable, or anxious. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. The therapist experience unconditional positive regard for the client. The therapist experiences an empathetic understanding of the clientââ¬â¢s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The future has brought about much need for the evolution of this theory, but this paper is meant to focus on these principles set forth by Rogers. Overtime the clients and problems may have changed, but by keeping these principles in mind, the approach is still the same. It was with a humanistic philosophy that Rogers created the person ââ¬â centered approach, and with his principles rooted deeply in humanistic values, it is necessary to have a good understanding of how they came to be. The humanistic philosophy is similar yet much different from that of existentialism, of which takes the position that we are faced with the anxiety of choosing to create an identity in a world that lacks intrinsic meaning (Corey, 2005). The humanistic philosophy takes a somewhat less anxiety evoking position that each of us has a natural potential that we can actualize and through which we can find meaning (Corey, 2005). It was within this concept that Rogers developed his theory over the years. At the time there was only an authoritarian approach to counseling, of which Rogerââ¬â¢s disagreed with, which started his theory of a non directive climate in the 1940ââ¬â¢s. It was within this approach that Rogerââ¬â¢s looked to stop the amount of input a therapist contributed to the counseling process; instead therapists concentrated on the clients verbal and non verbal communications. This approach over time evolved into a form of therapy referred to as client ââ¬â centered. With this form Rogerââ¬â¢s led away from the focus on the non directive approach and started focusing primarily on the client. With the client in mind, the next period of evolution that Rogerââ¬â¢s encountered is where he defined his principles of which he wrote about in his paper, ââ¬Å"The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change.â⬠It is in this paper that Rogerââ¬â¢s presented his theory of psychotherapy as a set of therapist ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠(Prouty, 1994). It is with these ââ¬Å"Core Attitudesâ⬠that Rogerââ¬â¢s defined the aim of the therapeutic process, ââ¬Å"the aim of therapy is not merely to solve problems, rather; it is to assist clients in their growth process, so that the y can better cope with the problems they are now facing and with future problems.â⬠(Corey, 2005). It was in the principles of; congruence, unconditional positive regard, and accurate empathetic understanding, that we find a way to promote a growth producing climate. Congruence Congruence or genuineness, involves letting the other person know ââ¬Å"where you areâ⬠emotionally (Rogers, 1980). This can be either positive or negative, and the therapist must express their feelings to be as genuine as possible. The reason that the therapist must express all feelings toward their client is to avoid the temptations to present a faà §ade or hide behind a mask of professionalism or to assume a confessional professional attitude (Germain, 1993). The reason that it is so important for the therapist to become congruent with their client is to create a trusting relationship of which the client can let the therapist into their lives. Rogers gradually came to look at the therapistââ¬â¢s congruence as a crucial factor in establishing trust, and came to emphasize the idea of acceptance and empathy only being effective when they are perceived as genuine (Germain, 1993). In the views of Rogers it is essential to be living together in a climate of realness (Rog ers, 1980). This realness can only be assumed when the therapist can be completely open with their client as to how they feel about their presenting problem as well as the clientââ¬â¢s way of life as a whole. This action of being completely open does not always have to be viewed in a good light by the client, but as long as the client knows that the therapist is being completely open with them, then the process can continue. This way of being is described here by Rogers in 1961, ââ¬Å"The term ââ¬Ëcongruentââ¬â¢ is one I have used to describe the way I would like to be. By this I mean that whatever I am feeling or attitude I am experiencing would be matched by my awareness of that attitude.â⬠It is within this self awareness that makes acceptance possible because there can be no openness to the clients experience if there is no openness to oneââ¬â¢s own experience (Germain, 1993). Unconditional Positive Regard Once congruence between the therapist and the client is achieved, it is time to move on to the next principle that Rogers distinguished. Unconditional positive regard is exactly that, no matter what the client is feeling, the therapist must show a positive approval of how they are feeling. This is due to the true importance of unconditional positive regard and its power to build up or restore the clientââ¬â¢s unconditional positive self regard (Iberg, 1996). It is Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that most of the clients that a therapist will see, have merely been looked over and never really made feel like they are accepted or cared for. It is within this principal that Rogers attempts to show an acceptance and unconditional caring for the client as ââ¬Å"who they areâ⬠rather then who they are expected to be or as Rogers states it as ââ¬Å"a caring for the client, but not in a possessive way or in such a way as simply to satisfy the therapists own needsâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). The therapist must make the client feel that they are able to convey their thoughts without fear of rejection or loss of acceptance by the therapist. It is the therapist job to make sure that their basis for caring for their client is not because of their need to be accepted themselves. This might hinder the experience that the client needs to go through as much as if the therapist had no respect or a dislike of their client. That is why congruence needs to be developed before the therapeutic process can begin, without a genuine approach to caring for the client the whole process will not be successful. Accurate Empathetic Understanding After the first two steps of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory have been completed then the therapist can continue on to an accurate empathetic understanding. This principle is based off the idea of empathy as Rogers defines ââ¬Å"to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠qualityâ⬠(Rogers, 1992). That is the key to being an empathetic therapist, to never lose the ââ¬Å"as ifâ⬠mentality, to sense the clients feelings without ever getting caught up in them as if they were your own. The Merriam Webster Dictionary states that Empathy ââ¬Å"is the action of understanding, being aware of, or being sensitive to.â⬠This is exactly what Rogers meant by putting it into the principles of what a good therapist needs to do during therapy, to be able to understand and accurately be aware of the problems that the client is conveying. This is indicated in research done by Fieldler in which items such as the following pla ced high in the description of a relationship created by an experienced therapist. The therapist is well able to understand the patientââ¬â¢s feelings; the therapist is never in any doubt about what the patient means; the therapistââ¬â¢s remarks fit in just right with the patients mood and content; the therapists tone of voice conveys the complete ability to share the patients feelings. (Rogers, 1992) With all of these principals working together to create a valuable client-therapist relationship, an accurate empathetic understanding is one of the most important. The client must first be able to trust the therapist, and then feel that the therapist actually cares about what is being said, but without an accurate understanding of what is being said then the client would not feel as though the therapist is actually listening. Summary It was my intent with this paper to explain the principals of the person centered approach created by Carl Rogers. The reason that I feel that this approach is meaningful is that I have always felt that anyone has the ability to figure out their own problems. In life it is easy for people to get knocked off their horse, in a matter of speaking, but it is how we get back on that horse and continue to live is how living life is possible. Sometimes I feel as though it is hard to get up off the ground by yourself but the ability is still inside of you. That is why when I first heard about the person-centered approach, I was so intrigued by the elements that made up this theory. These principles that Rogers has developed, help to create an environment at which clients are able to hash out their problems in a self directed way. The therapist is merely a listener, there to make the client feel that what they are feeling is ordinary. Even though they may long for an authoritarian â⠬Å"answerâ⬠, the therapist does not give one yet just responds with points that the client has already made. Even though Rogers created this theory in a different time and age, when, if presented with some of the problems that therapist face today, it may have been harder to meet the criteria for his principles. I still feel as though these principals can be effective in any therapeutic situation. Today many person-centered therapists are focused on the family, however it has been found to be effective in many areas of therapy. I personally can see it being very effective in cases of depression, where a client is so low in positive self regard that they need to feel that someone else can actually care for them enough to listen. In research done by Greenberg and Watson (1998), of which compared client centered therapy and an experimental treatment using the principals of client centered therapy and its effect on depression, found that both had an effect on the therapyââ¬â¢s outcome. It was the experimental conditional along with the principals based of Rogersââ¬â¢s theory that ha d superior effects on the overall levels of self esteem and reduction of interpersonal problems. This research shows that although alone, these principals may not always be the exact answer, paired with other ideas it can have an impact on the clientââ¬â¢s life. This paper is to show that these principals are in fact pillars or fundamentals of any and all problems that may be presented to a therapist. These are just attitudes that if followed correctly can bring about an atmosphere for change in a clients life. As Rogers states it, ââ¬Å"people are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapists part, and that they are capable of self directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationshipâ⬠(Corey, 2005). Corey, Gerald. (2005) Theory and Practice of Counseling Psychotherapy. Thomson Books; Belmont, CA. Greenberg L., Watson J, (1998) Experiential Therapy of Depression: Differential Effects of Client-Centered Relationship Conditions and Process Experiential Interventions. The Journal for Psychotherapy Research. Vol. 8, Number 2, pp. 210- 224 Iberg, J.R. (1996) Finding the bodyââ¬â¢s next step: Ingredients and hindrances. The Journal for focusing and experiential therapy, vol 15, 13-42. Lietaer, Germain (1993), Beyond Carl Rogers, Constable, London Prouty, Gary, (1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/ experiential therapy. Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychosis. Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT Rogers, Carl (1980) A way of being. Rogers, Carl (1992) The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Dec 1992, vol. 60, No. 6 pp. 827-832. Research Papers on The Person-Centered ApproachThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use
Wednesday, March 4, 2020
Using the Present Simple for ESL Students
Using the Present Simple for ESL Students The reading-comprehension passage below focuses on the present simple tense to describe habits and daily work routines. The present simple is typically one of the first verb tenses that new English students learn. It is used to describe an action that takes place on a regular basis. The present simple also can be used to express feelings, facts, opinion, and time-based events. The passage describes the daily routine and work habits of Tim, a typical worker in a central California city. Use the passage to help students better understand what is the present simple tense and how to use it. Before Reading the Passage Prepare students before they read the passage by explaining when to use the present simple tense and how to conjugate verbs in this tense. Explain that in English, you use the present simple to describe what you (or others) do every day. You also use verbs of frequency (such as always, sometimes, and usually) to indicate a habit. Ask students to tell you some things they do every day, such as setting the alarm before going to bed, waking up at a certain time each morning, eating breakfast, and traveling to work or school. Write their answers on the white board. Then explain that the present simple tense can be expressed in three ways: positive, negative, or as a question, for example: I eat lunch at noon.I never play tennis at noon.Does he walk to school every day? Tell students that theyll be reading a story about Tim, a worker who does a number of things regularly in getting ready for work, traveling to work, and performing his duties. Then read the story as a class, having students each read a sentence or two. Tims Story Tim works for a company in Sacramento. Hes a customer service representative. He gets up at 6 oclock a.m. each workday. He drives to work and begins his job at 8 oclock each morning. During the workday, Tim speaks to people on the telephone to help them with their banking problems. People telephone the bank to ask questions about their accounts. Tim doesnt give information about accounts until callers answer a few questions. Tim asks callers their birth date, the last four digits of their Social Security number, and their address. If a person gives incorrect information, Tim asks him to call back with the correct information. Tim is polite and friendly to everyone. He has lunch in a park next to his office. He returns home at 5 oclock in the evening. After work, he goes to the gym to work out. Tim has dinner at 7 oclock. Tim likes watching TV after dinner. He goes to bed at 11 oclock at night. Follow-Up Questions and Answers To extend the lesson, have students answer the following questions: What time does Time get up each workday? (6 oclock a.m.)What time does he begin his day at work each day? (8 a.m.)What are some of the duties Tim performs each day? (Tim verifies callers personal information. He answers questions from callers about their accounts. He is polite with each caller.)What time does Tim turn out the lights each night? (11 p.m.) Have students tell you a few more things Tim does each day as you complete your lesson on the present simple tense.
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